The Crucible How does Tension build into Hysteria in Act III Essay Example

The Crucible How does Tension build into Hysteria in Act III Essay Example The Crucible How does Tension build into Hysteria in Act III Paper The Crucible How does Tension build into Hysteria in Act III Paper The Crucible contains many events that which precede the madness that ensues by the end of the play. Tension builds into Hysteria in several ways in Act III. The stage directions at the beginning of act III bring the audience straight into a heavy tense atmosphere. Adjectives like solemn and forbidding make the room seem oppressive; Miller uses a sense of realism to invoke the unforgiving atmosphere of the general court. Much of the Hysteria is built up in the crowd of towns people due to their extreme fear of witchcraft. This Hysteria off stage is often upheaval from the residents of Salem this also contributes to the chaos seen at the end of the play. Voices of towns people rise in excitement There is a great imbalance of power even corruption in the courthouse with most of the power with Judge Hawthorne, dep. Governor Danforth and Rev. Parris . They can always avoid questioning due to their position and if ever questioned they call contempt of court. Also there are many judges and people associated with the court but few complaints. Desperate pleas come from Giles and Francis to save their respected wives from prosecution are systematically crushed and indicate the lack of reason from the judges eager to annihilate all possible signs of witchcraft Martha Corey: I know not what a witch is. Hathorne: How do you know, then, you are not a witch, into this comes Proctor challenging the court leaving him with a low prospect of success. Events that reduce John Proctors credibility increase tension from the start of the court house scene the audience is on Proctors side and emotionally want him to succeed as he is trying to do the right thing and put a stop to the injustice. Revelations soon arise about his character Parris: Such a Christian that will not come to church but once in a month! Cheever: He plough on Sunday, lower Proctors credibility and raise tension. If he is shown not to be a good Gospel Christian, in the strong Puritan town of Salem, he will also be seen as a dishonest, unlawful person giving him no chance of the court believing him. Giles Corey lowers the tension briefly bringing evidence to the court in the form of a disposition proving that his accusation against Mr. Thomas Putnam is true, that he accuses people of witchery in order to buy up their land once they are jailed or put to hang. A more modern version of this being the McCarthy trials of the 1950s. McCarthy used the fear of an attack by the Communist Soviet Union to build up hype in order to develop his career people were tried for treason if accused of having connections with the party this lead to people beginning to scapegoat each other. Tension rises again after Mary warrens confession. It was proved that she has lied at some stage and committed perjury a jail able offense. The entrance of Abigail increases the tension once again as Abigail says that Elizabeth Proctor keeps poppets meaning Johns wife may have used some sort of voodoo against Abigail because Abigail was found stabbed with a dagger along with a poppet with a needle in it seemingly making her appear evil lowering Johns credibility yet again. What Abigail does is could quite easily seen as mob psychology, she manipulates the hysteria of the crowd to for fill her own desires she always manages to avoid questioning by saying nothing or not answering If I must answer that, I will leave and I will not come back again but in this case by turning the question around and warning even threatening Danforth when asked are the spirits she had been claiming to see were illusion only before claiming to see spirits in the room Let you beware Mr. Danforth. Think you be so mighty that the power of hell may not turn your wits? When Proctor first enters the court he speaks reasonably, restrained of all his fears, his anger his anxiety I would ask you to remember, sir, while you read it, that until two weeks ago she were no different than the other children are today. however by this stage he has lost all of his composure he goes from making rational points to hysterical outbursts (breathless and in agony! ) It is a whore! this is probably due to the fact he is putting his own neck on the line. At this stage the tension for the audience goes down as there is a chance that Abigail might get found out although John is near hysterical. John is questioned one final time about everything that has already been said before Elizabeth enters to answer whether or not Abigail had an affair with John not knowing John has already confessed to the General court to expose the truth this rises tension bringing it to a pinnacle either John or Abigail will be ruined at this point. Elizabeth lies though, to save Johns reputation so he is not found to be an adulterer. Elizabeth is removed and for the second time Abigail claims to see spirits and from this point onwards there is sheer hysteria. At the very end Hale decides to quit the court after loosing his importance from when he arrived in Salem believing that there may be evil at work there to at the end of the scene where he believes Proctor and that the truth has become hazy at this point all John had fort for was lost.

Simple or Progressive Perfect Forms

Simple or Progressive Perfect Forms There are two types of perfect tenses; simple perfect tenses (present perfect, past perfect and future perfect) and progressive perfect tenses (present perfect progressive, past perfect progressive and future perfect progressive). The perfect forms are generally used to represent something that has happened up to another point in time. For example: Present Peter has visited Paris twice. (In his life, up until now)Jane has been playing tennis for two hours (until now) Past They had lived in New York for 3 years before they moved to Seattle. (up to the time they moved to Seattle)She had been studying for 4 hours when he arrived. (The four hours directly before he arrived) Future We will have finished the course by this time next year. (up to this time a year from now)I will have been working for 2 hours by the time he arrives tomorrow. (the two hours before he arrives tomorrow) So, what are the differences between the simple and progressive forms of the perfect? Well, first of all, remember to keep in mind the progressive is only used with ACTION verbs (see last weeks feature for examples of non-action or state verbs). Another important difference is that we use the simple perfect forms to express finished QUANTITIES and the progressive perfect forms when we are stressing the continuous duration of a specific action mentioned. Now, lets take a look at the specific differences between the two forms: Present Perfect Progressive Recent activity: to emphasize the recency of a past activity. we often use lately or recently : Shes been working hard recently Emphasis on the duration or length of an activity : Jack has been painting for 4 hours. Recently finished activity with a present result : Ive been working in the garden, thats why my hands are so dirty. No difference in meaning. Often the present perfect progressive and the present perfect can have the same meaning. This is often the case with verbs of living, occupation or vocation) : Ive been living in Leghorn for 3 years. OR Ive lived in Leghorn for 3 years. Present Perfect Indefinite time in the past (experience). Emphasis is on the completed action at an indefinite time in the past. : Susans written 3 books. Emphasis on QUANTITY : Ive read 300 pages of Tom Smiths latest book. Duration from past to present (see #4 of present perfect progressive) : Peter has worked for that company for 5 years. Here is an excellent example of the difference between the two forms when referring to duration of an activity as compared to quantity: Hes been driving for 6 hours. Hes driven 320 miles. Past Perfect Progressive Past perfect progressive is used to express CONTINUOUS activity up to a specific point of time in the past. Example: They had been waiting for 2 hours before their friends finally arrived. Past Perfect Past perfect is used to express FINISHED activity before a specific point of time in the past. Example: He had already eaten when his wife came home. Future  Perfect Progressive Future perfect progressive is used to emphasize the length of time or duration of an event occurring before and up to another event in the future. : By the time they arrive, we will have been waiting for 4 hours! To emphasize the duration of an activity. : John will have been studying for 6 years by the time he finishes his exam. Future Perfect Future perfect is used to refer to an event completed before another future event or time. : By the time Mary finishes this course, she will have taken 26 exams. To emphasize not how long something has taken, but that the action is completed. : By the time he retires, he will have worked for 36 years. Here is a little quiz to check your knowledge: They a) have been working b) have worked in the garage, thats why their clothes are greasy.She a) had met b) had been meeting John before he came to work here.By the time the letter arrives, a) I will have left b) I will have been leaving.When Karen telephoned, they a) had been studying b) had studied for two hours.Im tired. I a) have just finished b) have just been finishing my homework.Peter a) has been reading b) has read 3 books by Hemingway.By the time we finish, we a) will have painted b) will have been painting for 4 hours.I made sure that I a) had learned b) had been learning Italian well before I left for Rome.She a) has known b) has been knowing John for 10 years.They a) have thought of you b) have been thinking of you a lot recently. Answer Key aaaaabbaab

Asymmetric Information Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Asymmetric Information - Article Example (investopedia.com) v. Interest Rate Swap - An agreement between two parties (known as counterparties) where one stream of future interest payments is exchanged for another based on a specified principal amount. Interest rate swaps often exchange a fixed payment for a floating payment that is'linked to an interest rate (most often the LIBOR). A company will typically use interest rate swaps to limit or manage exposure to fluctuations in interest rates, or to obtain a marginally lower interest rate than it would have been able to get without the swap. (Investopedia.com) 2. The general law of tradeable goods which says that the good will be sold at the same price regardless of where it is produced is called The Law of One Price. The law of one price says that goods will be sold at the same price whether it is produced in India or in U.S. The difference in their selling price will be reflected by the nominal exchange rate. In this respect, the nominal exchange rate will adjust so as one good can be bought at the same price using different currencies. 3. In mathematics, it will be shows as: 1/P = e/P* where P is the local price, P* is the foreign price and e is the nominal exhange rate. From this we see that equality will be manitaines if e adjusts to whatever the value of P and P*are. 3. Interest Rate Parity - A second principle, Interest Rate Parity, ties the interest rates of two nations with their exchange rates.' According to the Interest Rate Parity principle, the difference in similar nominal or market rates of interest should be equal to the forward premium of the nation with the lower inflation rate.' Otherwise arbitrage will occur, the profitability of which will cease only when interest rate parity once again prevails. (http://byrned.faculty.udmercy.edu/) As seen in the graph, an increase in the foreign interest rate will lessen the demand for domestic assets. Thus the demand curve shifts to the left. The shift of the demand curve to the left, causes a change in the equilibrium point. With the new equilibrium point, the returns from expected asset holdings declines and the exchange rate also declines. This means that the domestic currency weakens. Using the law of demand, we know that as the foreign interest rate (thus returns) increases, more will demand foreign currency instead of domestic currency. Thus it's value declines. 4. There are two problems that arise from asymmetric information: the adverse selction and the moral hazard problem. Adverse Selection - Adverse selection, anti-selection, or negative selection is a term used in economics, insurance, statistics, and risk management. It refers to a market process in which "bad" results occur when buyers and sellers have asymmetric information (i.e. access to different information): the "bad" products or customers are more likely to be selected. A bank that sets one price for all its checking account customers runs the risk of being adversely selected against by its low-balance, high-activity (and hence least profitable) customers. (Wikipedia.com) Moral hazard - Moral hazard is a special case of information asymmetry, a situation in which one party in a transaction has more information

Representative Paul Ryan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Representative Paul Ryan - Research Paper Example This may be because he comes from a conservative region called Wisconsin. According to Stephanie Jones, Ryan cherishes conservative ideals1 and values such as being a truthful family man. He dresses in an old-fashioned way adorning white shirts together with striped ties. Paul argument skills are conservative mainly dealing with sensitive themes with justifications to back his arguments. His ideologies touching on protecting America from fiscal economic failure, and European way of state entitlement is old fashioned. This paper analyses Wisconsin congressional representative position and his contribution to the American economy and his peoples well being. Campaign strategies Republicans believes in reclamation of American ideologies on economic liberty and free markets. This vision together with a growth project emanating from a framework termed as roadmap to America future, his ideas have infuriated President Obama. A White house meeting held in 2011 proved his superiority in famili arity of health care reforms. A budget presented by Ryan highlighted reduction in spending and lowered deficits by over $4.4 trillion in a period of 10 years. It contradicted and exposed the Obama administration on its inconsequential 2012 budget that even discarded the findings of Obama founded fiscal commission. The unveiling of Ryan first Medicare package on reforms that deal with consumer patient choices and competition in the market infuriated the white house. Obama administration unleashed a Medicare alarm that led to a fictional Team Obama resorting to a fictional cartoon that depicted Ryan pushing an old woman down a cliff. As Julian Pecque says the democrats proposed health care reform can result in many losses which will be laid upon the tax payers shoulders to clear2. Ryan amended the Medicare reform to keep the current system as another option, and solidified it with a variety of market founded private insurance. He also bolstered it with a menu of market-based private i nsurance strategies. This involved reducing costs by the provision of a wide variety of choices and cutting down on competition. This annoyed the white house and simultaneously was unable to come up with ideologies to disqualify Ryan notion on the health care reforms. Ryan health care plan is reducing Medicare, Medicaid together with the federal budget. The valid consequences of Ryan health reform would lead to reduced medical expenses. This is because of the daring and serious low costs affecting positively on the common person. Ryan congressional district covers the southeastern part of Wisconsin3.Although Ryan agenda was not accepted by the white house; it put the house into action. It encourages the emergence of a significant debate on domestic policies and the country financial condition. Ryan becomes one of the few influential republican leaders of the younger generation. The comprehensive financial budget with reduced expenditure costs, entitlement reform together with tax si mplification plan that limited government expenses encouraging growth was a significant milestone in his career. This earned him an award as the conservative of the year. The outcome portrays reasons why many politicians do not support reduction costs in the sensitive financial climate as they consider that a political suicidal. Accomplishments Paul Ryan when

The Rising Costs of the Iraq War Essay Example for Free

The Rising Costs of the Iraq War Essay In the 2003 Budget the government set aside ? 3 billion to cover â€Å"the full costs of the UK’s military obligations† in Iraq [1]. In the past four years the amount allocated to this ‘Special Reserve’ has steadily increased, and with an extra ? 400 million in this year’s Budget the total is now over ? 7. 4 billion. This is in addition to recent increases in general military spending. This briefing investigates the financial costs of the Iraq conflict to the UK taxpayer. It notes a significant opaqueness in the budgeting process as well as the potential for costs to continue to escalate. The financial costs of a war may not be the first consideration. War brings many costs, foremost in lives lost and damaged. However, the decision to involve the UK in the invasion of Iraq had substantial implications for UK public spending. Money spent on the Iraq war and wider ‘war on terror’ represents significant diversions from other government budgets. The lack of transparency in the UK finances is in contrast to the US, where all budgetary proposals must be scrutinised by Congress. Comprehensive information about US military spending is available and has contributed to considerable public debate. The sums spent by the US government are many times those of the UK, and there are a number of projects aimed at publicising the scale of US war spending (e. g. http://costofwar. com). The Special Reserve The 2002 Pre-Budget Report set aside ? 1 billion to enable the armed forces to prepare for the coming invasion of Iraq[2]. By the time of the Budget in March 2003, UK forces were in Iraq. The Chancellor increased the amount to ? 3 billion and it became known as ‘the Special Reserve’[3]. In the 2003 Pre-Budget Report another ? 500 million was added for financial year 2003-04 and a further ? 300 million for 2004-05; bringing the total up to ? 3. 8 billion[4]. While there was no increase in the 2004 Budget Report, another ? 520 million for 2004-05 was announced in the Pre-Budget Report of December that year[5]. The 2005 Budget Report included a further ? 340 million added for 2004-05 and ? 400 million for 2005-06[6], whilst the 2005 Pre-Budget Report included another ? 580 million . The 2006 Budget report allocated ? 800 million for operations in 2006-07 and this was followed by ? 600 million in the 2006 Pre-Budget Report. Most recently, the 2007 Budget allocated a further 400million for 2007-08. Thus, to date, the total amount allocated to the Special Reserve is ? 7. 44 billion. The Special Reserve is not only set aside for costs in Iraq, but also for â€Å"the UK’s other international obligations†[7]. However, nowhere in the public domain has the Treasury published how much of the Special Reserve has been spent, nor how much of it has been spent on Iraq. Table 2 (please see pdf file above). , which gives a breakdown of the spending of the Special Reserve, was obtained through a Freedom of Information request solicited by the Iraq Analysis Group. Of the ? 6. 44bn set aside at various times to the Special reserve by March 2006, at least ? 6. 3bn had been allocated to departments, almost the total amount possible. About ? 4. 4bn of the Reserve had been spent by the Ministry of Defence in Iraq[8] between 2002 and 2006, with at least an additional ? 156 million allocated to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and the Department for International Development. Furthermore, the forecasted outturn for the financial year 2005-06 is larger than that of 2004-05, suggesting that costs in Iraq are still far from settling down to something approaching the spending in Afghanistan. How Much is ? 4. 4 Billion? The ? 4. 4 billion already allocated to operations in Iraq has been raised through the pre-existing tax structure, borrowing and other government revenue and consequently there exists some trade-off between the additional defence spending and other public spending options. ?3. 2 billion spent on education, for example, would be sufficient to fund the recruitment and retention of over 10,300 new teachers for ten years. In health, it would allow the building of around 44 new hospitals. The ? 6. 44 billion Special Reserve represents the entire annual budget of the Department of International Development and would allow a five-fold increase in bilateral aid to Africa[9]. According to UNICEF estimates, ? 5 billion would fund two years of full immunization for every child in the developing world[10]. Oil Prices Any sort of uncertainty in the Middle East is serious because of the possible effects on oil prices and, in turn, the possible effects on the economies of the rest of the world. Iraq is particularly significant because its proven oil reserves are 112 billion barrels or about 10 per cent of the worlds total. Iraqs reserves are second only to its neighbour Saudi Arabia. Further exploration is likely to significantly increase Iraqs proven reserves. Iraqs oil is also said to be very attractive because it is easy to recover and so production costs are among the lowest in the world. (2) Iraqs sustainable production is around 2. 8 2. 9 million barrels per day, with a net export potential of around 2. 3 2. 5 million barrels per day. Those figures compare with total world oil production of 68 million barrels per day and the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) production of 29 million barrels per day, or 42 per cent of the total. (3) The US is by far the biggest consumer of petroleum consuming 19. 6 million barrels per day of which net imports are 10. 9 million barrels per day. (4) Iraqs production potential is limited by aging infrastructure in poor repair. UN sanctions prevent the importation of spare parts and other necessary equipment. The volume of Iraqi exports permitted under UN sanctions (the oil-for-food program) is much lower at around 1. 6 million barrels per day; however, some additional oil is smuggled out of Iraq. According to the US Energy Information Agency some oil experts think that Iraqs oil production could double in the next few years provided sufficient investment were to be made and the UN sanctions lifted. (5) The prospect of continued and possibly expanded Iraqi production is behind some of the optimistic scenarios examined below. Also important have been statements by the OPEC to the effect that they would be able to cover any reduction in supplies from Iraq, despite suggestions that OPEC is producing near full capacity. (6) Any increase in non-OPEC production would also help moderate oil prices. In the longer term supplies from non-traditional sources, including Central Asian members of the former Soviet Union, could put downward pressure on prices. Oil prices have increased throughout most of 2002 and into 2003 from about US$20 per barrel in mid 2002 to around US$35 per barrel in early March 2003. There have been many commentators willing to suggest that oil prices may peak at much higher values. Bad case scenarios have been published that estimate oil prices increasing to US$75 per barrel by George Perry from the Brookings Institute and US$80 per barrel by the Centre for Strategic and International Studies. (7) While such figures tend to be reported by the press, it needs to be kept in mind that these are only worst case scenarios. Large sudden price increases cannot be ruled out. However, it is important to note that war with Iraq has been widely anticipated and we would expect that the effects of war would be anticipated in the markets and already be reflected in prices. Against that, some observers suggest that a quick war without damage to Iraqs oil wells would eliminate the war premium and reduce prices to figures around US$20 per barrel. (8) Effects of Higher Oil Prices Oil price increases act like a tax on fuel that is collected by oil producers and transfers income from users to producers. It increases the burdens on users, and when the users are businesses, it increases the costs that they are likely to pass on to the consumer. The oil tax also involves major changes to international trade and investment flows. The 1970s oil price increases were associated with major disruptions to economic activity sparking international recession as well as inflation. The term stagflation was introduced to refer to the unusual combination of both higher inflation and unemployment that began during this period. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has done some work on the specific effects of higher world oil prices. Modelling the effect of a permanent US$5 per barrel increase in oil prices the IMF finds that world GDP would fall by 0. 2 per cent in year one and 0. 3 per cent in years two and three. There would be a roughly equal transfer of GDP (also around 0. 2 per cent) to oil producing countries from oil importing countries with additional transfers within countries. Other Macroeconomic Implications Oil prices will play a large part in the eventual outcomes of the war with Iraq. However, there are more than just the direct effects of oil prices involved. The world economy is going through a period of volatility and uncertainty partly associated with geo-political concerns. All economic commentators refer to the present uncertainty and its effects on both investors and consumers. In the case of Iraq, political uncertainty also has a direct impact on the rest of the world through oil prices. A common view seems to be that the uncertainty relates to the immediate future and that, once the Iraq problem is out of the way, everything will be clearer. For example, in his testimony to the US Congress, the chair of the Federal Reserve Board, Alan Greenspan, anticipates the removal of the Iraq-related uncertainties'(17) that seem to be complicating the present view of the world economy. Another observer has said: The common, hopeful view on Wall Street is that a short, decisive victory in a war with Iraq wouldnt cost much and would lead to a big stock market rally, which would be good for investor and consumer confidence. (18) While a war would obviously put pressure on the budget balance that in turn can have other implications for the economy as a whole. War is not necessarily bad for the economy. It is now well known that the rearmament of the major powers in the late 1930s and 1940s, before and during the Second World War, was associated with the end of the great depression of the 1930s. As one student of this period puts it: The Second World War brought the era of the Depression to a sudden and dramatic end, as the entire resources of the major countries were absorbed in the military struggle. With the outbreak of hostilities, full employment was fairly swiftly achieved everywhere. (19) Obviously there is nothing on the horizon that looks anything like the Second World War, but there is likely to be some fiscal stimulus nevertheless. The 200203 budget papers note that fiscal stimulus generally has the effect of supporting the aggregate level of economic activity. As the 200203 budget papers put it: Expansionary fiscal policy settings in 200001 and 200102 helped Australia maintain solid economic growth relative to other developed countries during a period of weakness in the international economy A large part of the stimulus in 200102 was unavoidable given the impact of high priority defence and domestic security expenditure. This outcome is appropriate given Australias recent economic circumstances and international developments. (20) To the extent that there are under-utilised resources in Australia, government spending can lead to an increase economic activity and employment. However, the fiscal stimulus must be put in the context of the damaging effects of the uncertainty facing the world economy. The uncertainty surrounding the war is undoubtably having a negative effect on investment and consumption decisions all around the world. Given that the fiscal stimulus is rather small even in the US, it might be expected that the uncertainty will more than offset any stimulus. However, a short quick war would remove uncertainty allowing the fiscal stimulus to dominate. In this context there are some forecasts that suggest the outcome could be positive for the UK economy, for example. Oxford Economic Forecasting made such a forecast showing modest GDP increases of around 0. 2 per cent in the UK as a result of the stimulus from military spending. (21) Newsletter Economic Scenarios has attempted to model the economic effects of a hypothetical Iraqi war on the Australian economy. (22) The outcome of the Economic Scenarios modelling is that, over the period 200310, Australia would experience a loss in GDP equivalent to US$18 billion in the short war scenario (war is over in 2003 and rebuilding takes two years) or US$69 billion in the long war scenario (conflict and occupation of five years and five years of rebuilding). Using exchange rates at close of business 26 February 2003 puts the loss in GDP at $30 billion (short) to $114 billion (long). These results suggest a very significant adverse impact on Australia. However, those results reflect the nature of the economic model and some possibly extreme assumptions, including that: * Australian government defence outlays increase by one per cent of GDP in 2003 and either 1 or 0. 5 per cent for the next few years depending on the scenario * oil prices jump immediately to US$80 per barrel and then either slowly return to near normal or return quickly depending on the scenario, and * uncertainty has an effect equivalent to investors demanding 5 per cent in greater returns on their investments causing investment outlays to fall. That premium on investments fades away either slowly or quickly depending on the scenario. The first assumption is just a guess based on Congressional Budget Office estimates that the US will spend something of that order and that small countries involved will likely spend similar amounts as a share of GDP. One percent of Australias GDP is around $7 billion. Access Economics puts the likely costs of war at around $700 million for a three month engagementa tenth of the Economic Scenarios assumption. Access Economics also estimates that over $200 million has already been spent in pre-deployment. (23) Even then, reallocating resources within the Defence Department could absorb a good deal of the $700 million. The Economic Scenarios study received headlines because it purported to show a massive cost to the Australian economy as a result of war in Iraq. However, those models are only as good as the assumptions on which they rest, and if the assumptions are extreme then results will be unrealistic.

Installation Guide :: essays research papers

1 This product can be set up using an any y curr curren en ent t web br browser owser owser, , i.e e., ., Internet Explorer 6 or Netscape Navigator 6.2.3. DI-524 Air AirPlus Plus G 802.11g/2.4GHz Wireless Router 5V DC Power Adapter  ©2003 D-Link Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective holders. Software and specifications subject to change without notice. DI-524. 11142003 Before You Begin 1. If you purchased this router to share your high-speed Internet connection with other computers, you must have either an Ethernet-based Cable or DSL modem with an established Internet account from an Internet Service Provider (ISP). 2. It’s best to use the same computer that is connected to your modem for configuring the DI-524 AirPlus G Wireless Router. The DI-524 acts as a DHCP server and will assign all the necessary IP address information on your network. See Appendix at the end of this Quick Installation Guide or the Manual on the CD-ROM for setting each network adapter to automatically obtain an IP address. Check Your Package Contents DI-524 AirPlus G 802.11g/2.4GHz Wireless Router CD-ROM (containing Manual and Warranty) Ethernet (CAT5 UTP/Straight Through) Cable Using a power supply with a different voltage rating will damage and void the warranty of this product. If any of the above items are missing, please contact your reseller. TM 2 Connecting The DI-524 Wireless Router To Your Network A. Receptor for Power Adapter. Reset Button Pressing this button restores the Router to its original factory default settings. A. First, connect the power adapter to the receptor at the back panel of the DI-524 and then plug the other end of the power adapter to a wall outlet or power strip. The Power LED lights up indicating proper operation. B. 1. Power off your Cable or DSL modem; devices that do not have a on/off switch and will require you to unplug the power adapter. Now, the DI-524 should be powered on and the Cable / DSL modem should be turned off. Cable / DSL modem (Power Off) – DI-524 (Power On) 2. Connect an Ethernet cable to the Ethernet jack located on the Cable / DSL modem. After the Ethernet cable is securely connected, power on the Cable / DSL modem by turning on the unit or plugging in the power adapter. Cable / DSL modem (Power On) – DI-524 (Power On) 3. Insert the other end of the Ethernet cable to the WAN PORT on the back panel of the DI-524. The WAN LED light will illuminate to indicate proper connection. If the WAN LED is not illuminated, please go back to step B1 and repeat the steps. Installation Guide :: essays research papers 1 This product can be set up using an any y curr curren en ent t web br browser owser owser, , i.e e., ., Internet Explorer 6 or Netscape Navigator 6.2.3. DI-524 Air AirPlus Plus G 802.11g/2.4GHz Wireless Router 5V DC Power Adapter  ©2003 D-Link Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective holders. Software and specifications subject to change without notice. DI-524. 11142003 Before You Begin 1. If you purchased this router to share your high-speed Internet connection with other computers, you must have either an Ethernet-based Cable or DSL modem with an established Internet account from an Internet Service Provider (ISP). 2. It’s best to use the same computer that is connected to your modem for configuring the DI-524 AirPlus G Wireless Router. The DI-524 acts as a DHCP server and will assign all the necessary IP address information on your network. See Appendix at the end of this Quick Installation Guide or the Manual on the CD-ROM for setting each network adapter to automatically obtain an IP address. Check Your Package Contents DI-524 AirPlus G 802.11g/2.4GHz Wireless Router CD-ROM (containing Manual and Warranty) Ethernet (CAT5 UTP/Straight Through) Cable Using a power supply with a different voltage rating will damage and void the warranty of this product. If any of the above items are missing, please contact your reseller. TM 2 Connecting The DI-524 Wireless Router To Your Network A. Receptor for Power Adapter. Reset Button Pressing this button restores the Router to its original factory default settings. A. First, connect the power adapter to the receptor at the back panel of the DI-524 and then plug the other end of the power adapter to a wall outlet or power strip. The Power LED lights up indicating proper operation. B. 1. Power off your Cable or DSL modem; devices that do not have a on/off switch and will require you to unplug the power adapter. Now, the DI-524 should be powered on and the Cable / DSL modem should be turned off. Cable / DSL modem (Power Off) – DI-524 (Power On) 2. Connect an Ethernet cable to the Ethernet jack located on the Cable / DSL modem. After the Ethernet cable is securely connected, power on the Cable / DSL modem by turning on the unit or plugging in the power adapter. Cable / DSL modem (Power On) – DI-524 (Power On) 3. Insert the other end of the Ethernet cable to the WAN PORT on the back panel of the DI-524. The WAN LED light will illuminate to indicate proper connection. If the WAN LED is not illuminated, please go back to step B1 and repeat the steps.

Nobel Prize Assignment

Nobel Prize Founded by Alfred Nobel, the Nobel Prize is awarded to candidates in the fields of physics, chemistry, medicine or physiology, literature, economic sciences, and peace every year since 1901 – except for economic sciences, which was introduced as a Nobel Prize in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank. On account of World War I and II, the Nobel Prize was not awarded only on nine occasions since the established year from 1901.Alfred Nobel, a Swedish engineer, chemist, and philanthropist, created a will that would bequeath 94% of his assets into a series of prizes for those who contribute the highest benefit to mankind in the respective fields. Recipients of the Nobel Prize – which can be shared by no more than three people and can also be awarded posthumously in certain cases – receive a medal, sum of money, and diploma for their achievements and are elected by the Nobel Foundation.The Nobel Foundation was created by the executors of Nobel’s will, Rudolf Liljequist and Ragnar Sohlman. The private organization that is the Nobel Foundation is also responsible for administrative details and finances of the prizes. The prizes are presented according to their respective field. The Royal Swedish Academy of the Sciences awards the prizes for chemistry, physics, and economic sciences. The Swedish Academy presents the Nobel Prize in literature. The prize for physiology or medicine is awarded by the National Assembly at Karolinska Institutet.Finally, the award for peace is presented by the Norwegian Nobel Committee and is the only award to be presented in Norway rather than in Sweden. All prizes are awarded based upon several factors but mainly through Nobel’s maxim of delivering the greatest benefit to mankind and is ultimately decided by the Nobel Committees. One hundred and three Nobel Prizes in medicine or physiology have been awarded since 1901 and two-hundred one individuals are known as laureates in the field since the prize ma y be shared by three or more people.Around forty-three awards for the Nobel Prize in medicine and physiology have been presented relating to the field of neuroscience, such as Roger Guillemin in 1977 for his research in the production of peptides in the brain and Roger Wolcott Sperry in 1981 for research into the functions of the right and left hemispheres of the brain. Other rewarded scientists for the Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology include Nikolaas Tinbergen, Konrad Zacharias Lorenz, nd Karl von Frisch for their research into ethology, a scientific enquiry into animal behavior. Scientists whose research affected the understanding of Parkinson’s disease include Arvid Carlsson and Paul Greengard. The two were awarded in the year 2000 mainly for their neurological research into signal transduction in the nervous system. Carlsson and Greengard’s colleague, Kandel, who also shared the prize with them that year, was rewarded for his studies in synaptic function; mor e precisely, a closer look into short term and long term memory.Specifically, Arvid Carlsson and Paul Greengard’s research affected the progression of understanding of Parkinson’s disease by showing how important neurotransmitters such as dopamine work and affect the function of the brain and thus the human body. Carlsson more specifically identified dopamine and Greengard portrayed how neurotransmitters like dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin are able to exert their effects. His research includes a type of signal transmission called the slow synaptic transmission.Carleton Gajdusek’s research in 1976 on the first human prion disease named kuru later on would also help Stanley Prusiner’s studies in 1997 for his work on prions which would shed more light into dementia-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. Although prions are reflective in diseases such as Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease or kuru, Prusiner’s work opens a new underst anding of the pathogenesis of diseases like Alzheimer’s via the suggestions of non-prion proteins mutating to facilitate dangerous deposits in the brain.Swedish scientist and Nobel laureate Arvid Carlsson was able to show the importance of dopamine as a neurotransmitter in the brain. By developing an assay that allowed him to measure dopamine at an extremely sensitive level in the brain tissues, Carlsson found that dopamine is concentrated in other parts of the brain – specifically the basal ganglia, the part of the brain located in the forebrain and connected with the cerebral cortex.Contrary to belief at his time that dopamine is merely a precursor to a neurotransmitter named norepinephrine; Carlsson concluded that dopamine in and of itself is able to act as a neurotransmitter and is greatly vital for the ability to control fine motor movements. Carlsson then led to a series of experiments where he utilized a plant substance named reserpine to discover the importance of dopamine for movement. Carlsson administered reserpine to nimals thus decreasing their levels of dopamine which ultimately caused a loss of movement control. The effect of reserpine on the animals showed symptoms akin to Parkinson’s disease in humans. Carlsson then proceeded to treat the animals with levodopa (L-dopa), a precursor to dopamine, a substance that the brain converts into dopamine and is used in lieu of mere dopamine in order to prevent side effects of dopamine in the blood and since dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier in the first place.Eventually, Carlsson found that the animal’s symptoms disappeared and returned to their previous, normal state since the levels of dopamine in the brain were normalized. Thus, Carlsson’s findings led to more findings that Parkinson’s disease patients have unusually low levels of dopamine represented in the basal ganglia, an area that is very important in the control of muscle movements. There has also been evidence provided by Carlsson of forms of mental illness associated with unsteady levels of dopamine.Carlsson’s findings essentially explain the tremor, rigidity, and decreased motor function associated with Parkinson’s disease since patients with Parkinson’s share the malfunction of certain nerve cells within the basal ganglia that creates dopamine. Conclusively, the animals treated with reserpine and patients with Parkinson’s are low on dopamine levels. Nowadays, the same treatment of levodopa that Carlsson used for treating the symptoms of the reserpine in the animals has been tweaked for human use as a primary pharmaceutical option for patients with Parkinson’s disease in order to alleviate the symptoms.By allowing dopamine levels to be controlled through levodopa therapy, patients are able to experience more stable amounts of dopamine in their system, as opposed to having an irregularly low amount, so that one the ongoing loss of fi ne motor control associated with the onset of Parkinson’s disease may be alleviated for some time. Besides Parkinson’s disease, Carlsson’s Nobel worthy research has also increased the understanding of several other drugs.Carlsson is also notable for his contribution into the discovery and a new generation of drugs, the selective serotonin uptake inhibitors, to treat depression or personality disorders. This new class of drugs is now known as SSRI’s and is considered for many patients dealing with depression. For antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia, Carlsson showed that the drugs affect the signal transmission of dopamine by blocking the dopamine receptors.Nonetheless, by proving the popular belief of dopamine at his time that dopamine is simply a precursor to another neurotransmitter wrong and showing dopamine’s unknown importance at the time, Arvid Carlsson’s findings essentially lead the development of levodopa and consequently has helped an innumerable amount of patients dealing with the motor symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease. Although not a cure, Carlsson’s work has been a stepping stone for understanding Parkinson’s disease and has eased the discomforts of such a deadly disease that affects many people in the world.

A Rhetorical Approach to Interpersonal Communication File

In the theory of a rhetorical approach, three primary ways are identified in order to achieve the goals of interpersonal rhetoric. They are rhetorical reflector, rhetorically sensitive person and Nobel self. In this paper, the applicability of these three ways will be discussed since their applicability is different in Hong Kong culture. First, the way that works best in Hong Kong culture is the Nobel self, who is unwilling to change for others. This theory works best because of the way that parents taking care of their children. The average number of children in each family in Hong Kong has decreased compared to the families in the past, which have nearly doubled the average numbers of children in each family, so parents can pay more attention on each child. Also, parents tend to build up a positive parental relationship with their children by satisfying most of the wants of the children and putting their children at the first priority. Since the children are used to be the center of their parents, they become self-centered, that is they put their own feelings in the first priority, as a result, their abilities to change for others are reduced. The example to show that Nobel self works best in Hong Kong is a group of teenagers in Hong Kong who the society described them as â€Å"a group of people having the illusion of being a princess or a prince. † These teenagers believe that they should be treated as princesses or princes that they don’t have to do anything or to bear any responsibility. The main cause of this group is stated above. These teenagers are unwilling to change for others especially their relational partners because they think that everyone will change for them just like their families do. This type of teenagers shows that the Nobel self work best in Hong Kong. The part of the theories that does not work in Hong Kong is the rhetorical reflector, who is willing to change to please their partners. In Hong Kong, people are trained to possess a critical thinking skill, which means they should have their own judgment towards an issue, instead of influencing by others, for example, in the relationship of boss and employees, if the boss ask his employee to do illegal work, the employee will judge the situation using his value of right or wrong to decide doing it or not. He will not sacrifice themselves by changing their value and doing the work in order to lease the boss. This critical thinking skill enables the people in Hong Kong to think independently, so that their values and thoughts will be influenced by others. They are not willing to change to please their partners, but if there are strong evidences or supporting materials, they will change. Therefore, the rhetorical reflector theory does not work in Hong Kong. Finally, rhetorically sensit ive person works in modified way in Hong Kong. The theory is applicable in the situation that there is a difference in power, such as the teacher and student relationship, which the teacher is having a higher power. The student who has lower power will be rhetorical sensitive, for example, the student believes that he has done nothing wrong for being late to school, but when explaining to the teacher, he will change his discourse by not stating his judgment towards the issue. Instead, he will give excuses to blame it on other things. The hidden value of the excuses is that the student has done nothing wrong in this issue. However, if there is no difference in the power in the relationship, such as siblings, the student will not change his discourse. He will express his value directly to his siblings. This approach is the application of Nobel self. Since the student know that they have equal power in the relationship, that means they have equal control over the definition of the relationship, so the first priority, which is his own feeling, will come first. He is unwilling to change for others once there is no difference in power in the relationship. Hong Kong culture is a complex, so the applicability of the three primary ways in the rhetorical approach is different in Hong Kong culture even though they are developed from the same theory.

Probation and Parole Officers Essays

Probation and Parole Officers Essays Probation and Parole Officers Essay Probation and Parole Officers Essay The definition of probation is a critical examination and evaluation or subjection to such examination and evaluation. This is what happens to people who break the law. Many get put on probation for a period of time set by the courts. At this time the probationer is under the supervision of what is called a probation/parole officer. A probation officer, according to Merriam-Webster dictionary online, is an officer appointed to investigate, report on, and supervise the conduct of convicted offenders on probation. This career is well suited for people oriented persons who has a drive to help others, a flexable schedule, be proficient in English and writing (a second language is also very helpful in some areas), and be willing to be in situations or with people that could be unsafe. (Merriam-Webster, 2002) There is a difference between a probation and parole officer. Under probation the criminal has not been in prison but simple on probation after their offense. When someone is under parole they have been released from prison. This means that the two officers work with different types of criminals. Probation officers will deal with criminals who have mostly done a minor infraction or people awaiting trial, where as parole officers tend to deal with more severe offenses which required incarceration. In many states these two position are combined into one. An officer will work with either adults or juveniles. Probation officers work with the courts doing background investigations, presentence reports, rehabilitation recommendations and sentencing recommendations. Sentencing recommendations are reviewed with the offender before being submitted to the court. In some situations the officer may need to testify. In Federal court probation officers also become pretrial services officers which makes them responsible for pretrial investigations and bond recommendations. Each officer will work on between 20 to over 300 active cases. (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2003) Recent changes to the system have made for a change in the nature of the work. Probation and parole officers are now going to the offenders homes, places of employment, and therapy. Also, different institutions are helping officers to monitor the offenders. More and more officers are using visits, email, teleconferencing, etc to stay informed about offenders and their progress. (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2003) Being closer to the offenders like this helps probation/parole officers to help them better enter into society as a law abiding citizen. The parole office acts as a counselor and lawperson. Officers will also involve offenders families and in turn help the rehabilitation process. Offenders progress will be monitored by officers by keeping up with their home life, educational progress, and the fulfillment of recommendation from the courts ( these fulfillments may include anything from classes to random drug test). The downside of this type of system change is the increased risk of victimization. In an article called Worker Safety In Probation Parole by William H. Parsonage and Joe A. Miller, some interesting facts about the safety of probation and parole officers are uncovered. They first define victimization as: Hazardous incidents in which people working in probation and parole agencies have been assaulted or threatened in connection with their work. Examples of hazardous incidents affecting staff safety would include: physical assault or harm; threat of physical assault or har; assault or threat of harm to a workers family members; harm of threat of harm to ones property; extortion; harm or threat of harm to a workers reputation; or psychological intimidation. Their studies showed that 62% of officers/agents have been victimized once or more during their career. One in six of those officers/agents were physically assaulted, with 61% of them experiencing more one or more intimidations during their career. Thirty-five percent of the people surveyed reported that they were victimized within the last 12 months proceeding this study ( 6% physical assault and 34% intimidation). They study also showed that officers who dealt with parolees rather than just probationers were more likely to be victimized. It was also found that probation and parole officers who carry guns or who have self-defense training were more likely to be victimized. When finding who was carrying out the assaults or threats it was shown that 89% of serious incidents were done by the offender and 11% by the offenders family member. Although there are many risk, the satisfaction of helping people in their community is usually what keeps probation/parole officers in this career. In 2000, 84,000 people were employed as probation officers (most coming from State or local government). California and Texas have the highest number of officers, which amounts to about one-fourth of the countrys officers. Prospective officers will have more luck in urban areas than any where else. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2003) There are some qualifications that must be met in order to obtain a position as a probation/parole officer. Each applicant will have to go through a background check. Any applicant convicted of a felony is not eligible. All persons must be in good physical and emotional condition, and no younger than 21 years of age ( for Federal employment no older than 37 years of age). A bachelors degree in a related field is required, and a masters is helpful and sometimes required for advancement. In most cases prospective officers will be given a written, oral, physical, and psychological examination. Some states will require additional training or certification which will be given by that state. After an applicant is successfully accepted he or she will then become a trainee for six months before moving to a permanent position. After obtaining a permanent position an officer can expect to make between $36,980 to $40,820. (Bureau of Labor Statistics) This job is perfect for anyone who wants to make a difference in peoples lives. You will be responsible for helping people who have committed crimes go back into society and better themselves. Just as cops and fireman have to be careful each day so much probation officers. It is getting riskier to become an officer due to added outings in the community. This job holds a heavy workload but if the heart is in it the whole thing will be worth it. You will be changing peoples lives, along with their families who need them to be productive in society. For many parolees the officer will be their only outlet because they have been jailed for a long period of time or did not have family in the beginning. Probation officers have an important job that is growing faster than average in our country. This is a respectable job with many benefits and pains.

Biography of Cambodia Politician Pol Pot

Biography of Cambodia Politician Pol Pot Pol Pot. The name is synonymous with horror. Even in the blood-drenched annals of twentieth-century history, Pol Pots Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia stands out for the sheer scale and senselessness of its atrocities. In the name of creating an agrarian communist revolution, Pol Pot and his underlings killed at least 1.5 million of their own people in the infamous Killing Fields. They wiped out between 1/4 and 1/5 of the countrys entire population. Who would do this to their own nation? What kind of monster kills millions in the name of erasing a century of modernization? Who was Pol Pot? Early Life A child named Saloth Sar was born in March of 1925, in the little fishing village of Prek Sbav, French Indochina. His family was ethnically mixed, Chinese and Khmer, and comfortably middle-class. They owned fifty acres of rice paddies, which was ten times as much as most of their neighbors, and a large house that stood on stilts in case the river flooded. Saloth Sar was the eighth of their nine children. Saloth Sars family had connections with the Cambodian royal family. His aunt had a post in the future King Norodoms household, and his first cousin Meak, as well as his sister Roeung, served as royal concubines. Saloth Sars elder brother Suong was also an officer at the palace. When Saloth Sar was ten years old, his family sent him 100 miles south to the capital city of Phnom Penh to attend the Ecole Miche, a French Catholic school. He was not a good student. Later, the boy transferred to a technical school in Kompong Cham, where he studied carpentry. His academic struggles during his youth would actually stand him in good stead for decades to come, given the Khmer Rouges anti-intellectual policies. French Technical College Probably because of his connections rather than his scholastic record, the government gave him the scholarship to travel to Paris, and pursue higher education in the field of electronics and radio technology at the Ecole Francaise dElectronique et dInformatique (EFRIE). Saloth Sar was in France from 1949 to 1953; he spent most of his time learning about Communism rather than electronics. Inspired by Ho Chi Minhs declaration of Vietnamese independence from France, Saloth joined the Marxist Circle, which dominated the Khmer Students Association in Paris. He also joined the French Communist Party (PCF), which lionized the uneducated rural peasantry as the true proletariat, in opposition to Karl Marxs designation of the urban factory-workers as the proletariat. Return to Cambodia Saloth Sar flunked out of college in 1953. Upon his return to Cambodia, he scouted out the various anti-government rebel groups for the PCF and reported that the Khmer Viet Minh was the most effective. Cambodia became independent in 1954 along with Vietnam and Laos, as part of the Geneva Agreement which France used to extract itself from the Vietnam War. Prince Sihanouk played the different political parties in Cambodia off against one another and fixed elections; nonetheless, the leftist opposition was too weak to seriously challenge him either at the ballot box or through a guerrilla war. Saloth Sar became a go-between for the officially recognized left-wing parties and the communist underground. On July 14, 1956, Saloth Sar married teacher Khieu Ponnary. Somewhat incredibly, he got work as a lecturer in French history and literature at a college called Chamraon Vichea. By all reports, his students loved the soft-spoken and friendly teacher. He would soon move up within the communist sphere, as well. Pol Pot Assumes Control of Communists Throughout 1962, the Cambodian government cracked down on communist and other left-wing parties. It arrested party members, shut down their newspapers, and even killed important communist leaders while they were in custody. As a result, Saloth Sar moved up the ranks of surviving party members. In early 1963, a small group of survivors elected Saloth as Secretary of the Communist Central Committee of Cambodia. By March, he had to go into hiding when his name appeared on a list of people wanted for questioning in connection with leftist activities. Saloth Sar escaped to North Vietnam, where he made contact with a Viet Minh unit. With support and cooperation from the much better-organized Vietnamese Communists, Saloth Sar arranged for a Cambodian Central Committee meeting early in 1964. The Central Committee called for armed struggle against the Cambodian government, (rather ironically) for self-reliance in the sense of independence from the Vietnamese Communists, and for a revolution based on the agrarian proletariat, or peasantry, rather than the working class as Marx envisioned it. When Prince Sihanouk unleashed another crack-down against leftists in 1965, a number of elites such as teachers and college students fled the cities and joined the nascent Communist guerrilla movement taking shape in the countryside. In order to become revolutionaries, however, they had to give up their books and drop out. They would become the first members of the Khmer Rouge. Khmer Rouge Take-Over of Cambodia In 1966, Saloth Sar returned to Cambodia and renamed the party the CPK: Communist Party of Kampuchea. The party began to plan for a revolution, but was caught off-guard when peasants across the country rose up in anger over the high price of food in 1966; the CPK was left standing. It wasnt until January 18, 1968, that the CPK started its uprising, with an attack on an army base near Battambang. Although the Khmer Rouge did not overrun the base entirely, they were able to seize a weapons cache which they turned against the police in villages across Cambodia. As violence escalated, Prince Sihanouk went to Paris, then ordered protesters to picket the Vietnamese embassies in Phnom Penh. When the protests got out of hand, between March 8 and 11, he then denounced the protesters for destroying the embassies as well as ethnic Vietnamese churches and homes. The National Assembly learned of this capricious chain of events and voted Sihanouk out of power on March 18, 1970. Although the Khmer Rouge had consistently railed against Sihanouk in its propaganda, the Chinese and Vietnamese communist leaders convinced him to support the Khmer Rouge. Sihanouk went on the radio and called for the Cambodian people to take up arms against the government, and fight for the Khmer Rouge. Meanwhile, the North Vietnamese army also was invading Cambodia, pressing the Cambodian army back to less than 25 kilometers from Phnom Penh. Cambodian Genocide In the name of agrarian communism, the Khmer Rouge decided to completely and immediately remake Cambodian society as a utopian farming nation, free of all foreign influence and the trappings of modernity. They immediately abolished all private property and seized all products of field or factory. The people who lived in cities and towns, some 3.3 million, were driven out to work in the countryside. They were labeled depositees, and were given very short rations with the intention of starving them to death. When party leader Hou Youn objected to the emptying of Phnom Penh, Pol Pot labeled him a traitor; Hou Youn disappeared. Pol Pots regime targeted intellectuals, including anyone with an education, or with foreign contacts, as well as anyone from the middle or upper classes. Such people were tortured horrifically, including by electrocution, pulling out of finger and toenails, and being skinned alive, before they were killed. All of the doctors, the teachers, the Buddhist monks and nuns, and the engineers died. All of the national armys officers were executed. Love, sex, and romance were outlawed, and the state had to approve marriages. Anyone caught being in love or having sex without official permission was executed. Children were not allowed to go to school or to play, they were expected to work and would be summarily killed if they balked. Incredibly, the people of Cambodia did not really know who was doing this to them. Saloth Sar, now known to his associates as Pol Pot, never revealed his identity or that of his party to the ordinary people. Intensely paranoid, Pol Pot reportedly refused to sleep in the same bed two nights in a row for fear of assassination. The Angka included only 14,000 members, but through secrecy and terror tactics, they ruled a country of 8 million citizens absolutely. Those people who were not killed immediately worked in the fields from sun-up to sun-down, seven days a week. They were separated from their families, ate in communal dining messes, and slept in military-style barracks. The government confiscated all consumer goods, piling vehicles, refrigerators, radios, and air conditioners up in the streets and burning them. Among the activities utterly banned were music-making, prayer, using money and reading. Anyone who disobeyed these restrictions ended up in an extermination center or got a swift ax-blow to the head in one of the Killing Fields. Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge sought nothing less than the reversal of hundreds of years of progress. They were willing and able to erase not only the symbols of modernization but also the people associated with it. Initially, the elites bore the brunt of Khmer Rouge excesses, but by 1977 even peasants (base people) were being massacred for offenses such as using happy words. Nobody knows exactly how many Cambodians were murdered during Pol Pots reign of terror, but the lower estimates tend to cluster around 1.5 million, while others estimate 3 million, out of a total population of just over 8 million. Vietnam Invades Throughout Pol Pots reign, border skirmishes flared from time to time with the Vietnamese. A May 1978 uprising by non-Khmer Rouge communists in eastern Cambodia prompted Pol Pot to call for the extermination of all Vietnamese (50 million people), as well as of the 1.5 million Cambodians in the eastern sector. He made a start on this plan, massacring more than 100,000 of the eastern Cambodians by the end of the year. However, Pol Pots rhetoric and actions gave the Vietnamese government a reasonable pretext for war. Vietnam launched an all-out invasion of Cambodia and overthrew Pol Pot. He fled to the Thai borderlands, while the Vietnamese installed a new, more moderate communist government in Phnom Penh. Continued Revolutionary Activity Pol Pot was put on trial in absentia in 1980, and sentenced to death. Nonetheless, from his hideout in the Malai district of Banteay Meanchey Province, near the Cambodia/Thailand border, he continued to direct Khmer Rouge actions against the Vietnamese-controlled government for years. He announced his retirement in 1985, supposedly due to problems with asthma, but continued to direct the Khmer Rouge behind the scenes. Frustrated, the Vietnamese attacked the western provinces and drove the Khmer guerrillas into Thailand; Pol Pot would live in Trat, Thailand for several years. In 1989, the Vietnamese withdrew their troops from Cambodia. Pol Pot had been living in China, where he underwent treatment for facial cancer. He soon returned to western Cambodia but refused to take part in negotiations for a coalition government. A hardcore of Khmer Rouge loyalists continued to terrorize the western regions of the country and waged guerrilla war on the government. In June of 1997, Pol Pot was arrested and put on trial only for the murder of his friend Son Sen. He was sentenced to house arrest for the remainder of his life. Death and Legacy On April 15, 1998, Pol Pot heard the news on a Voice of America radio program that he was going to be turned over to an international tribunal for trial. He died that night; the official cause of death was heart failure, but his hasty cremation raised suspicions that it might have been suicide. In the end, it is difficult to assess Pol Pots legacy. Certainly, he was one of the bloodiest tyrants in history. His delusional plan for reforming Cambodia did set the country back, but it hardly created an agrarian utopia. Indeed, it is only after four decades that Cambodias wounds are beginning to heal, and some sort of normalcy is returning to this utterly ravaged nation. But a visitor does not even have to scratch the surface to find the scars of Cambodias Orwellian nightmare under the rule of Pol Pot. Source: Becker, Elizabeth. When the War Was Over: Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge Revolution, Public Affairs, 1998. Kiernan, Ben. The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, Hartford: Yale University Press, 2008. Short, Philip. Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare, New York: MacMillan, 2006.

Managed Care Overview Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Managed Care Overview - Assignment Example The members can change the providers by filling the form and submitting it to the HMO. IPA, on the contrary, provides assistance to HMO by way to legally contracting with physicians to provide their services to its members. PPO provides a network of physicians that is accessible to the HMOs or IPAs to connect with and charge a fee for it. POS is an upgraded plan that has elements of each of HMO, IPA and PPO. However, it is flexible as the members are allowed to use the services or move to another choice of service. PFFS is a combination of managed care and health insurance. They include a large number of physicians and hospitals and they are all paid for their services. The member however, has to choose the plan they want depending upon their needs and budget. HMO is more traditional and has set rules as it is based on Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973. IPA and PPO both work as network providers to HMO members. POS and PFFS both are flexible plans in terms of budget plans to its members. The managed indemnity plan also now includes managed care in the shape of certifications to the admissions in non-emergency situations as well as utilization reviews. The patient can take a second opinion in case of doubt by informing the provider and making a formal request for it if it is included in the grievance policy (‘USAMCO’, 2013). The insurance card requires particulars of the applicant, any licenses or previous attachment with any provider, health related certifications and identity proofs through mail. In case a provider wants to quit the service of providing access to managed care to the members, it can under the HMO Act, 1973 file the related form and request for closing the provision of service (‘FAQ’, 2013). In PFFS, the providers make payment to physicians once the service has been provided. A formal letter detailing the problem that provider is not accepting the guidelines or